Building my first Telegram bot

Tue Sep 20 2016

tags: programming software public featured

I built my first Telegram bot, Charge Bot. The first commit was 3 days ago (18th September) but I first started working on it on 27th August. Then I took a three-week break and resumed working on it on 17th September.

You can check the bot out on Telegram here. The Github repo is here.

This checked a couple of technical firsts for me:

First Telegram bot
First time I used Python to write anything substantial
First deploy on Heroku
First time using non-ASCII characters and working with UTF-8 encoding
First time using a linter (pylint)

There are also a couple of non-technical firsts:

First time building a multiplayer "game"
First time building anything my friends can use
First time building something for public consumption (apart from a blog)

It was also the first time I wrote anything for public consumption.

Overall, I am quite happy with this project. The scope was manageable and it did not balloon (probably because it was a game and, being a game, the scope is rather clearly defined; what also helped was the limitations of the Telegram medium). At the same time, I was able to incorporate user feedback and suggestions.

How it works

The Python code to write a Telegram bot is extremely trivial. It is just a while loop that sends HTTP requests with a long timeout (long polling). Upon receiving a response, it sends the next request.

There is another way which is push instead of pull (doesn't send requests: waits for Telegram to send updates to you) but it is far more involved and wasn't suitable for a first-time project.

Anyway, here's the code:

def get_updates():
    while True:
        string = URL + 'getUpdates?offset={0}&timeout={1}'.format(
            read_offset(), 3600)
        req = requests.get(string)
        handle_updates(req)

That's it. But there was a gotcha: As my background is in Javascript where all responses are asynchronous, the line req = requests.get(string) tripped me up. If you were to write that in Javascript you would get req == undefined or something like that and thus handle_updates(req) would throw an error.

For Python, the synchronous nature of the code means that the assignment operator will actually stop the evaluation until it returns a proper result. That means no callback is needed and the code becomes very simple.

Snafus

Modularisation

This was something that I had a lot of trouble with, despite Mark's best efforts to help me.

My code is divvied up as follows:

* index.py (should be main.py): is the main file, imports everything
* network.py: sends requests and handles responses
* lobby.py: code that allows players to create and join a game
* game.py: game code
* charge_keyboard.py: the inline keyboard needed for the game

I was unable to understand the idea of a function that called another function (also known as... a callback function LOL). Here's what I had trouble with:

# network.py
def setPushDataTo(func):
    global callback
    callback = func

def pushDataToDispatcher(data):
    global callback
    callback(data)

# index.py

import network

def init():
    """Initialises the app and sets up all callbacks"""
    network.setPushDataTo(dispatcher)

def dispatcher(data):
    ...

Basically, this pattern allows a function in one file to call a function in another file, without importing. The reason why we cannot import is because we don't want a two-way import (index imports network, not the other way round).

But we still need some way for the "child" to communicate with the "parent" and the way to do it is by setting the callback function in the "child" to the parent's function.

I am not sure I am explaining it clearly...I'll come back in a few days to this post and see.

Deploying on Heroku

Heroku was a real pain to set up...the documentation was lacking and I spent two nights' worth just trying to figure it out.

The gist of it is that you have to have a requirements.txt file, a Procfile and a runtime.txt file.

The "Getting Started with Heroku" tutorial mentioned the first two but not the last one!!

Basically, requirements.txt is just a list of dependencies... that's quite straightforward I still don't know what runtime.txt does but I had to put in the line python-3.5.2 in order for Heroku to deploy my app with Python 3. I needed Python 3 because of it's native Unicode handling.

What I mean by that is: when Python2 receives a response as a string, it doesn't actually use Unicode encoding. In order to get it as Unicode you have to put a u' in front of it. Python 3 does this all by itself.

The Procfile is also not straightforward. Basically the Procfile tells Heroku what kind of dyno your app is (web, worker, something else), what file to run with what program. So like this:

worker: python index.py --loglevel=info

(Weirdly, typing python3 index.py throws some weird error and I don't know why and haven't been able to Google)

Bad code

This app was developed very haphazardly, and it shows. I used tons of global variables because I'm very bad. Coming from a Javascript background I don't know how to use classes, like, at all. So it's good that I'm learning Python.

I tried refactoring but it was truly a huge pain and I actually had to rollback to the previous commit because I fucked everything up. 😭

Learning points and future plans

I want to make as many bots as I can in the future, because Telegram is by far the most-used app on my phone. It was extremely smart of the Telegram team to expose this API to developers-- this has allowed it to eclipse Whatsapp even further.

For my next app, I will definitely try and use the webhooks push method.

Heroku has a free dyno tier so I have no idea why I'm paying 8 dollars a month to DigitalOcean. I think that I will move my automated transaction tracker over to Heroku as well.

I mentioned the bad code: for my next app I am going to try and write it right and I know everyone says that but I mean it, I'm going to aim for 0 warnings on pylint!!!

Overall, this was a good learning experience, I had fun. Am pretty psyched to build my next Telegram bot!